Booms, Bubbles and Busts in the Us Stock Market
Author: David L Western
Why did US stock markets experience such a huge bubble in the 1990s? Why did Greenspan 'allow' the bubble to occur? Why did investors appear to act irrationally and indulge in such vehement speculations? Why the euphoria?
This book examines the American stock market during one of its most intriguing periods. By turning his critical eye upon the rise of the stock market bubble during the 1990s boom years and its inevitable crash some years later, David L. Western has written a scholarly yet readable book. Providing historical background as well as solid statistical research, the book helps to explain the mysteries of the stock market in an authoritative manner.
Advanced undergraduate and postgraduate and postgraduate students will find this to be an enlightening read, whilst readers with an interest in how the biggest economy in the world got things badly wrong will find this to be a book that remains useful as a reference for many years to come.
See also: World Religions Cookbook or Catering Solutions
Physical Principles of Wireless Communications
Author: Victor L Granatstein
Wireless communications are based on the launching, propagation, and detection of electromagnetic waves emitted primarily at radio or microwave frequencies. Their history can be traced back to the mid-19th century when James Clerk Maxwell formulated the basic laws of electromagnetism and Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the propagation of radio waves across his laboratory. Recent engineering breakthroughs have led to wireless communication systems that have not only revolutionized modern lifestyles, but have also launched new industries. Based on the author's course in the physics of wireless communications, Physical Principles of Wireless Communications provides students with a solid foundation in modern wireless communication systems. It offers rigorous analyses of the devices and physical mechanisms that constitute the physical layers of these systems. Starting with a review of Maxwell's equations, the textbook details the operation of antennas and antenna arrays, teaching students how to perform the necessary design calculations. It also explores the propagation of electromagnetic waves, leading to important descriptions of mean path loss. The text also reviews the principles of probability theory, enabling students to calculate the margins that must be allowed to account for statistical variation in path loss. In addition, it covers the physics of Geostationary Earth Orbiting (GEO) satellites and Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites so students may evaluate and make first-order designs of satellite communications (SATCOM) systems.
Table of Contents:
Figure Legends xiiiList of Tables xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Author xxiii
An Introduction to Modern Wireless Communications 1
A Brief History of Wireless Communications 1
Faraday, Maxwell, and Hertz: The Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves 2
Guglielmo Marconi, Inventor of Wireless Communications 5
Developments in the Vacuum Electronics Era (1906 to 1947) 10
The Modern Era in Wireless Communications (1947 to the Present) 11
Basic Concepts 13
Information Capacity of a Communication Channel 13
Antenna Fundamentals 14
The Basic Layout of a Wireless Communications System 15
Decibels and Link Budgets 17
Characteristics of Some Modern Communication Systems 19
Mobile Communication Systems and Cell Phones 19
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) of Computers 27
SATCOM Systems 27
The Plan of This Book 29
Noise in Wireless Communications 33
Fundamental Noise Concepts 33
Radiation Resistance and Antenna Efficiency 33
NyquistNoise Theorem, Antenna Temperature, and Receiver Noise 35
Equivalent Circuit of Antenna and Receiver for Calculating Noise 38
Contributions to Antenna Temperature 40
Cosmic Noise 40
Atmospheric Noise 42
Big Bang Noise (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation) 44
Noise Attenuation 47
Noise in Specific Systems 48
Noise in Pagers 48
Noise in Cell Phones 49
Noise in Millimeter Wave SATCOM 49
Antennas 53
A Brief Review of Electromagnetism 53
Maxwell's Equations and Boundary Conditions 53
The Vector Potential, A, and the Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation 57
Radiation from a Hertzian Dipole 58
Solution of the Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation in the Vector Potential A 58
Near Fields and Far Fields of a Hertzian Dipole 61
Basic Antenna Parameters 63
Directive Gain, D([phi], [theta] Directivity, D; and Gain, G 65
Radiation Resistance of a Hertzian Dipole Antenna 66
Electrically Short Dipole Antenna (Length [double less-than sign lambda]) 67
Receiving Antennas, Polarization, and Aperture Antennas 70
Universal Relationship between Gain and Effective Area 70
The Friis Transmission Formula 74
Polarization Mismatch 74
A Brief Treatment of Aperture Antennas 76
Thin-Wire Dipole Antennas 80
General Analysis of Thin-Wire Dipole Antennas 82
The Half-Wave Dipole 84
Antenna Arrays 89
Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern in the Horizontal Plane with Vertical Focusing 89
Arrays of Half-Wave Dipoles 89
Co-linear Arrays 90
Co-linear Arrays with Equal Incremental Phase Advance 92
Elevation Control with a Phased Co-linear Antenna Array 94
Antennas Displaced in the Horizontal Plane 96
Radiation Pattern of Two Horizontally Displaced Dipoles 97
Broadside Arrays 99
Endfire Arrays 99
Smart Antenna Arrays 102
Image Antennas 103
The Principle of Images 103
Quarter-Wave Monopole above a Conducting Plane 103
Antennas for Handheld Cell Phones 105
Half-Wave Dipoles and Reflectors 105
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas 110
The TM[subscript 10] Microstrip Patch Cavity 110
Duality in Maxwell's Equations and Radiation from a Slot 112
Radiation from the Edges of a Microstrip Cavity 113
Array of Microstrip Patch Antennas 118
Radio Frequency (RF) Wave Propagation 121
Some Simple Models of Path Loss in RF Wave Propagation 122
Free-Space Propagation 122
Laws of Reflection and Refraction at a Planar Boundary 123
Effect of Surface Roughness 126
Plane Earth Propagation Model 127
Diffraction over Single and Multiple Obstructions 130
Diffraction by a Single Knife Edge 130
Deygout Method of Approximately Treating Multiple Diffracting Edges 135
The Causebrook Correction to the Deygout Method 137
Wave Propagation in an Urban Environment 139
The Delisle-Egli Empirical Expression for Path Loss 139
The Flat-Edge Model for Path Loss from the Base Station to the Final Street 141
The Ikegami Model of Excess Path Loss in the Final Street 143
The Walfisch-Bertoni Analysis of the Parametric Dependence of Path Loss 144
Statistical Considerations in Designing Cell Phone Systems and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 151
A Brief Review of Statistical Analysis 151
Random Variables 151
Random Processes 153
Shadowing 153
The Lognormal Probability Distribution Function 154
The Complementary Cumulative Normal Distribution Function (Q Function) 154
Calculating Margin and Probability of Call Completion 155
Probability of Call Completion Averaged over a Cell 157
Additional Signal Loss from Propagating into Buildings 159
Shadowing Cross-Correlation 161
Slow and Fast Fading 163
Slow Fading 163
Rayleigh Fading 164
Margin to Allow for Both Shadowing and Rayleigh Fading 166
Bit Error Rates in Digital Communications 167
Ricean Fading 170
Doppler Broadening 171
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 173
Propagation Losses inside Buildings 173
Standards for WLANs 176
Sharing WLAN Resources 177
Tropospheric and Ionospheric Effects in Long-Range Communications 181
Extending the Range Using Tropospheric Refraction 181
Limit on Line-of-Sight Communications 181
Bouguer's Law for Refraction by Tropospheric Layers 183
Increase in Range Due to Tropospheric Refraction 185
Long-Range Communications by Ionospheric Reflection 187
The Ionospheric Plasma 187
Radio Frequency Wave Interaction with Plasma 189
Sample Calculations of Maximum Usable Frequency and Maximum Range in a Communications System Based on Ionospheric Reflection 192
Propagation through the Ionosphere 194
Time Delay of a Wave Passing through the Ionosphere 194
Dispersion of a Wave Passing through the Ionosphere 195
Faraday Rotation of the Direction of Polarization in the Ionosphere 196
SATCOM 205
Satellite Fundamentals 205
Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) 205
Example of a GSO SATCOM System 207
SATCOM Signal Attenuation 208
Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases 208
Attenuation Due to Rain 209
The Rain Rate Used in SATCOM System Design 212
Design of SATCOM Systems 214
Noise Calculations for SATCOM 214
Designing a GSO SATCOM System for Wideband Transmission 219
Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) and General Relativity 221
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Communication Satellites 222
The Iridium LEO SATCOM System 223
Path Loss in LEO SATCOM 223
Doppler Shift in LEO SATCOM 227
Glossary 231
English Alphabet 231
Greek Alphabet 236
Table of Physical Constants 239
Del Operators in Cartesian and Spherical Coordinates 241
Differential Line, Area, and Volume in Cartesian and Spherical Coordinates 243
Index 245
No comments:
Post a Comment